Verb Tenses
動詞被稱為動作詞。它們表示一個動作、事件或存在狀態。
英語動詞有三種時態：過去式、現在式和未來式。以下是英語中不同類型的動詞時態結構：
一般過去式
一般過去式用於談論之前 (過去) 完成的動作。
主詞+動詞過去式
I ate the banana you are looking for this morning.
We slept in the spare room last night.
The team played icebreaker games before the event started.
She hadn't thought about how many people would be coming to dinner.
Ritu hasn't eaten since breakfast.
They haven't taken the driving test yet.
過去進行式
過去進行式用於談論過去未完成或不完整的動作。這種時態表明過去開始的動作現在仍在繼續。
主詞 + was/wasn't/were/weren't + 現在分詞 (動詞 + ing)
Henri was playing the guitar when I came over.
When we got there the girls were running around.
I was mad that Mari wasn't ready when I drove up to her house.
We weren't singing when she got to the concert hall.
過去完成時
過去完成時表示在過去，一個事件發生在另一個事件之前，並表明哪個事件先發生。
主詞+had/hadn't+過去分詞動詞
Angel had saved his work before the computer crashed.
We had prepared the buses by the time the tourists arrived.
I hadn't cooked anything when my friends turned up.
There was nothing to eat because he hadn't been shopping.
過去完成進行時
過去完成進行時表示過去的動作在過去的其他動作之前結束。
主詞 + had/hadn't/been + 現在分詞 (動詞 + ing)
By the time the restaurant opened we'd (we had) been waiting for an hour.
John had been swimming already by the time his friends go there.
She hadn't been doing her homework when her dad got home from work.
一般現在式
一般現在式表示重複、習慣或普遍陳述。
主詞+動詞現在式
I go to work every day.
He loves to eat something sweet after dinner.
Americans eat lots of junk food.
The boxing class starts at 6 p.m. every week night.
It rains in Vancouver all the time.
現在進行式
現在進行式用於描述現在正在進行的動作。
主詞 + am/is/are + 現在分詞 (動詞 + ing)
She is cleaning out her car.
Megan's putting together the annual report.
We're living in Moscow right now.
They're having breakfast, let's join them.
現在完成時
現在完成時表示過去發生的事件對現在產生了後果。
主詞+have/haven't/has/hasn't+過去分詞動詞
I have lived in this house since 1992.
She has worked at the same job for 22 years.
She hasn't studied Japanese for very long so she finds it tough to speak.
He hadn't seen her at all yet today.
現在完成進行時
現在完成進行時表示過去開始、現在繼續或剛剛完成的動作。
主詞 + have/haven't/has/hasn't be + 現在分詞 (動詞 + ing)
It has been raining for five days straight.
She hasn't been eating breakfast because she's been sick.
The tourists have been feeding the birds in the park.
We just haven't been taking care of the yard this summer as it's been so hot.
簡單將來式
簡單將來式用於談論現在之後將發生的動作。這種時態用於表達事實和確定性。
主詞 + shall/ shall not / will/ will not + 基本動詞
I will go to the office tomorrow.
We won't leave until later this evening.
They shall eat at the table and not on the sofa.
He shall not run in the race if there is a thunderstorm.
將來進行式
將來進行式表示將來繼續或正在進行的動作。
主詞 + will / will not be + 現在分詞動詞 (-ing 形式)
Jake will be coming over later to watch a movie.
The team will be playing in the tournament on Wednesday of next week.
My brother won't be joining us at next week's practice.
I will not be drinking that milk, it's sour.
將來完成時
The future perfect tense is used to show an action that will occur in the future before another action or time in the future.
主詞 + will / won't have + 過去動詞分詞
I will have lived in Barcelona for three years on the 20th of this month.
He won't have finished the essay by tomorrow's deadline.
Ami will have finished high school by the time her dad returns from working abroad.
將來完成進行時
將來完成時用於表示在在未來發生的動作將早于未來的另一個動作或時間
主詞+shall/shall not/will/will not+have be/been+現在分詞動詞 (-ing形式)
We will have been driving for 10 hours come 6 o'clock.
Next month I will have been coming here for lunch every day for a year.
They will have been sleeping for an hour by the time you get home from work.
零條件句
零條件句用於表達一般真理。
If + 一般現在式 + 一般現在式
People bleed if you cut them.
Water boils if you heat it enough.
第一條件句
第一條件句談論可能的條件及其可能的結果。它基本上是說「如果這件事發生，另外一件事也會發生/可能發生。」
如果+一般現在式+簡單將來式
If you fails the test, he will not graduate.
If he drops the glass, it will smash.
If she eats that meat, she might get sick.
If he climbs that tree, he may fall.
第二條件句
第二條件句談論當下或未來不太可能發生、基於假設、基於想像或不可能的情況或行為。
If + 一般過去式 + 條件現在式或條件現在進行式
If I were younger, I would go backpacking around the world.
If she were taller, she would have tried out for the basketball team.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a Ferrari.
第三條件句
第三條件句表示過去不可能的條件以及該條件在過去的結果。
If + 過去完成時 + would have + 動詞過去分詞
If I had trained harder I would have run a faster time in the marathon.
If you had gone to law school, you would have been a great lawyer.
If you had invited them to, they would have played for longer.
混合條件句
在混合條件句中，主句中的時態與條件子句或 if 子句中的時態不同。
If + 過去完成時 + 現在條件時
If + 一般過去時 + 條件完成時
If we had checked the directions before we left, we wouldn't be lost now.
We wouldn’t be lost now if we had checked the directions before we left.
情態動詞
情態動詞提供句子中 iot 之後的主要動詞功能的附加資訊。這類動詞用來表達許可、義務、缺乏必要性、可能性、能力、禁止、建議和可能性。
一些情態動詞和句子範例：
| 允許 | |
|---|---|
| Can | Can I please come to your party? |
| May | May I take a cookie from the jar? |
| Might | Might I suggest a different approach? |
| 義務 | |
|---|---|
| Must | You must tell me what he said. |
| Should | He should leave the room. |
| Ought to | They ought to find a place to stay. |
| 缺乏必要性 | |
|---|---|
| Need not | You need not worry, I will take care of it. |
| 可能性 | |
|---|---|
| Can | Eating more fruit can make you healthier. |
| Could | Rewriting the paper could get you a higher grade |
| May | It may be cheaper at the other store. |
| Might | It might be better to try tomorrow. |
| 能力 | |
|---|---|
| Can | I can run faster than Jim. |
| Could (過去的能力) | I could swim for miles when I was a teenager. |
| 禁止 | |
|---|---|
| Must not | You must not drink alcohol until you are at least 18 years old. |
| 建議 | |
|---|---|
| Had better | You had better go to bed now if you want to get up at 5 a.m. tomorrow. |
| Should | You should call your grandmother, she would like that. |
| Ought to | They ought to clear their driveway so we can park our car. |
| 可能性 | |
|---|---|
| May | It may rain this afternoon. |
| Might | We might go play tennis tomorrow. |